Next weekend, March 8th-9th, the British School at Rome will host the international conference "Fuel and Fire in the Ancient Roman World", organised by Robyn Veal and Victoria Leitch.
Please find below the complete program and the abstracts of the three talks on fuel in Pompeii.
Fuel and Fire in the Ancient Roman World
DAY 1 (Friday, 8th March, BSR) Sainsbury lecture theatre
9.00-9.10 Welcome and opening remarks: Joanna Kostylo, Asst Director, BSR, introduces RV
SESSION 1: SCIENCE and HISTORY OF FUEL
Chair: Robyn Veal
9.15-9.55 Robyn Veal (University of Cambridge) The history and science of fire and fuel in the Roman Empire.
9.55-10.35 Hilary Cool, (Barbican Research Associates, UK) Glass and Fuel.
10.35-11.00 Coffee break
11.00-11.40 Laura Banducci (University of Michigan, USA) Burning and flaking? Using fire damage on Roman cooking pots to assess cooking methods.
11.40-12.20 Tony Rook (Independent researcher) The problems in estimating the fuel consumption of buildings, especially ones heated by hypocausts.
12.30-14.00 LUNCH
SESSION 2: FUEL USE in KILN TECHNOLOGIES
Chairs: Archer Martin, American Academy in Rome and Victoria Leitch
14.00-14.40 Victoria Leitch (University of Leicester, Research Associate) Fuelling Roman pottery kilns in Britain and Norht Africa: climatic, economic and traditional strategies.
14.40- 15.40 Archer Martin and Heike Möeller: Fueling Kilns in a Wood-Poor Environment. A combined paper on traditional workshops in the Egyptian Delta (Martin) and the Marmarica Survey in NW Egypt (Möeller).
15.40 – 16.10 Coffee break
16.10-16.50 Mohamed Kenawi (University of Alexandria). Continuity of production: Fine ware kilns in Fayoum and the rebirth of ancient forms/techniques (an ethnographic approach)
16.50-17.30 Girolamo Fiorentini (jointly with Primavera M., Stellati A): (Professor of Archaeobotany, University of Salento, Lecce) Fuel for work: metal and lime kilns in ancient southern Italy
17.30-18.30 Open discussion chaired by Jim Ball. Major discussants: William Harris (Columbia), Andrew Wilson (Oxford) and Archer Martin (American Academy in Rome)
19.00 Rinfresco all participants and visitors Cortile, BSR
20.00 Dinner BSR (including non-resident participants) Partners welcome (included in BSR tariff if resident)
DAY 2 (Saturday 9th March) VILLA LANTE, Finnish Institute of Rome, Gianicolo
9.20 Opening remarks Day 2: Direttrice Villa Lante, Katariina Mustakallio
9.30 SESSION 4: FUEL and the URBAN ECONOMY
Chair: William Harris (Introduced by KM)
9.30-10.10 Ferdinando de Simone (University of Oxford). The fuel supply as a key component of complex economic systems.
10.10-10.50 David Griffiths (Leicester) Commercialisation of the night in ancient Pompeii.
10.50-11.20 Coffee break
11.20-12.00 Sylvie Coubray (INRAP/ MNHN, UMR 7209 AASPE), Véronique Zech-Matterne (CNRS/MNHN UMR 7209 AASPE), Nicolas Monteix (Université de Rouen)
Of olives and wood. Baking bread in Pompeii.
12.00-13.00 Discussion, synthesis, and concluding remarks: Jim Ball (Commonwealth Forestry Association) and Prof Andrew Wilson (Oxford)
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Fuel
supply as a key component of complex economic systems
This paper
aims to provide some insights on the role played by fuel (both wood
and agricultural waste) in the economy of Roman cities and their
countryside. In particular, it investigates whether villas and cities
of ancient southern Campania were self-sufficient in the provision of
fuel required for their daily needs.
Buried by
two eruptions in AD 79 and 472, the environs of Vesuvius provide
high-resolution data – extant remains of ploughing furrows, trees
in quincunx formation, and piles of olive pomace – which are here
used to create a comprehensive picture of land exploitation. The idea
of a self-sufficient villa as promoted by ancient authors is tested
against the archaeological record, i.e. the actual size of the
estates and the percentage devoted to vineyards, orchards, and wood
in them. Furthermore, in order to understand whether the tree species
commonly used as fuel were a local or an imported resource, charcoal
assemblages are compared with the carbonised leaves found in the
volcanic ashes.
In the
last part, the paper focuses on the problem of interdependency
between city and countryside, Vesuvian plains and the Apennines.
Commercialisation of the Night in Ancient Pompeii
The
uniquely human activity of consuming artificial light has received
little attention in studies of pre-industrial societies. The Roman
period witnessed significant levels of urbanisation and economic
growth, consuming light on a scale never seen before. This paper
forms part of a broader study assessing the social and economic
significance of the consumption of artificial light, testing the
hypothesis that a reliable and affordable supply of fuel and lighting
equipment was a major constituent in Roman urban living. In the
ancient world, the cost of food (for the majority) as a relative
proportion of personal expenditure was substantial; the consumption
of foodstuffs for non-dietary requirements had significant social and
economic implications.
This
paper focuses on the commercialisation of the night at Pompeii,
addressing four aspects of the economy directly related to nocturnal
activities:
- The agrarian economy (lamp fuel - olive cultivation, pressing and transportation);
- the urban economy (specifically nocturnal commercial activities);
- household consumption (lamp fuel and lighting equipment), and
- the production of lighting equipment (craft specialisation and high-status objects).
Nocturnal
activities are structured by access to artificial light; it changes
the lives of people, effecting behaviour and perceptions of objects,
space and time. The cultural choice to use food (e.g. olive oil and
animal fats) as lamp fuel suggests a desire or necessity to extend
the day, influencing architectural proportions, decoration, and the
organisation and use of space. The ability to continue human
activity, especially in a commercial setting, once the sun has set,
depends on access to artificial light. It extends the working day,
increasing income potential without the need for structural
expansion. The dynamic nature of the ancient city had a significant
number of opportunities for financial transactions, providing a focus
for local and regional populations to trade and exchange goods and
services. Economic activity continued once the sun had set,
facilitated by the provision of artificial light through oil lamps,
torches, lanterns, and fire baskets. Extension of the day for
commercial activity, especially to maximise the financial benefits of
market days or religious festivals, must have generated enough income
to outweigh the cost of lamp fuel and lighting equipment.
The
commercialisation of the night was only possible through an
affordable and reliable supply of lamp fuel and lighting equipment,
facilitating the desire of the inhabitants of Roman towns to extend
the day, whether for domestic, commercial, leisure, or religious
activities.
Of olives and wood. Baking bread in Pompeii
For the last five years, an archaeological research program has been
interested in excavating and studying the thirty-seven known bakeries
in Pompeii, would they be for a domestic or a commercial production.
In three of them (I 12, 1‑2; VII 1, 25.46‑47;
IX 3, 19‑20), stratigraphical excavations were
performed, allowing to understand the evolution of these productive
units. Systematic sampling was carried out in three bakeries,
especially in the milling rooms, on soil levels in use while bread
was produced, and nearby the ovens, for a total amount of 1.3 tons of
sediment. During sieving and sorting, lots of carbonised olive stones
(99% of the plant remains) and charcoal fragments were recovered.
Heaps of olive stones and stone fragments were also found in rubbish
pits, just beneath the ovens, in bakeries I 12, 1‑2 and
VII 1, 25-46‑47. Among the wide wood spectrum
reconstructed from charcoal analysis, beech (Fagus
sylvatica) appears predominant.
The
analysis of those fuel remnants allows us to understand and to
specify the way that bread ovens were running in the 1st
century CE Pompeii but raises also many questions whose answers
should help in revisiting links between an urban centre such as
Pompeii and its hinterland. Was the use of olive oil extraction
refuses a common way to get cheap and easy-to-obtain fuel for
bakeries, or an adaptation to peculiar circumstances (e.g. wood
shortage), or even a technical prerequisite? How was the fuel supply
organized? Is it possible to trace an evolution in fuel collecting
practises or to highlight differences between domestic and public
settings in the city of Pompeii?
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